Historical background of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly has no pre-constitution history-the State itself is a post-Independence creation. It first came into being as a centrally administered territory on April 15, 1948 by the integration of 30 erstwhile princely States. It was administered by a Chief Commissioner, aided and advised in the discharge of his functions by an Advisory Council Consisting of Nine members, three of whom represented the erstwhile princely States and Six being public representatives. In 1951, it became a part 'C' State. Vide Section 3 of Part 'C' State's Act, 1951 Himachal Pradesh was brought under a Lt.Governor with 36 members Legislative Assembly. First election to the Assembly were held in 1952. In 1954 Bilaspur, another part-C State, was merged with Himachal Pradesh and the strength of its Assembly was raised to 41. In 1956, despite majority recommendation of the States Reorganization Commission for its merger with Punjab, Himachal Pradesh retained its separate identity, thanks to the famous dissenting note of the Chairman of the Commission, Justice Sh. Fazal Ali which found favour with the Centre. But a great price had to be paid as Himachal was made a Union Territory sans Legislative Assembly and was placed under an Administrator designated as Lt. Governor. Instead of a Legislative Assembly it was provided with a Territorial Council with limited powers. Thereafter, the people and the political leadership of the State had to literally move heaven and earth for the restoration of democratic edifice. Their efforts finally bore fruit in 1963, when a bill was passed by the Union Parliament for providing Legislative Assemblies and Council of Ministers to certain Union Territories including H.P. It was enforced in the case of Himachal Pradesh from Ist July, 1963 after receiving President's assent. The Territorial Council which was a replica of a dyarchical form of government was converted into a Legislative Assembly of the Union Territory. The strength of the Assembly was fixed at 43 including 2 nominated members. The Assembly held its first sitting from Ist of October 1963. Continuity of the Assembly is considered from this date hence its silver jubilee was celebrated in the year 1988. With the merger of new areas into Himachal Pradesh in 1966, the number of Members in the House rose to 56 including 2 nominated. The strength of the House was further raised to 63 (60 elected and 3 nominated) after section 24 (3) of Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 (Act No. 31 of 1966) came into force in 1967. Finally it was on January 25, 1971 that a big leap forward was taken and the abode of gods ('Devbhumi' as Himachal is called) made its debut as the 18th State of the Union of India. The declaration of a fully fledged State came from none other then the Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi from the historic Ridge Maidan. After delimitation of Assembly seats in the year 1971-72, the number of Members in the Assembly now stands at 68.

THE COUNCIL CHAMBER:

The Council Chamber, the building which houses the Legislative Assembly has a past as well as a present to be proud of. The edifice was completed and was inaugurated by Lord Reading, the then Viceroy of India, on August 27, 1925. The need of this building arose for the simple reason the British chose SHIMLA as the Summer Capital of the Imperial Govt. to save themselves from the blistering summer of Delhi. The Central Assembly had, therefore, to be provided an appropriate accommodation. The construction of the building was started in 1920 near the 'Kennedy House' which was built by the founder of Shimla, Major Kennedy on this new found hill resort.' The Council Chamber was incidentally one of the last important buildings to be built by the British and it was completed at the cost of approx Rs. 10 lacs. The main Hall at that time provided seats for 145 Central Assembly Members (104 elected and 41 nominated) with the President's (the Speaker was then called as President) dias flanked by Viceroy's box (now called the Governor's box) in the left and box for the officers on the right. The Chair for the President is said to have been gifted by the Government of Burma. It is a throne like chair with a high back and with two columns at the sides and flower like decorations at the top. It is made of the renowned Burma teak wood and is still in use in the H.P. Legislative Assembly. However, the Crown that topped the Canopy being symbol of the Imperial Empire was replaced by 'Ashok Chakra' after Independence. The Council Chamber as the building has come to be known changed many a hands after Independence. At the time of Partition, the Punjab Govt. was shifted to Shimla & its Assembly held its meetings in this building. When the Punjab Assembly was shifted to Chandigarh, the Assembly of Part 'C' State of H.P. got the pride of having its sittings in this Chamber. Before that it used to hold its meetings in Vice-Regal Lodge (later named 'Rashtrapati Niwas'). Sh. Jaiwant Ram was the first Speaker of the Pradesh Assembly to occupy the Chair. On October, 31, 1956 when H.P. Assembly was dissolved following the Report of the State's Reorganization Commission, the Govt. Secretariat was shifted in this building when 'Himachal Dham' (the building in which Secretariat was housed) was gutted in fire in mid 1957. During this period the main Chamber was converted into temporary Cabin like structures. For few years, "All India Radio" was also housed in the lower part of the building. The premises were at last restored to the original position on July 1, 1963 when Legislature was revived. First Session of the Assembly after its restoration was held in the Council Chamber from Oct.1, 1963.It need to be mentioned here that the Council Chamber was first renovated in 1963. In 1988 the complete furniture of the Chamber was replaced, when Silver Jubilee of the State Legislative Assembly was celebrated. Besides adding new furniture, the shape of the Hall has been changed from rectangular to U shape with the sitting capacity for 72 Members keeping in view the future requirements. While speaking of this historic Chamber, mention must be made of the fact that it has seen many vicissitudes of fortunes and has been an eye-witness to many an epoch-making event. As aforesaid, in successive years, it has housed the Central Legislative Assembly, the Punjab Legislative Assembly, the Himachal Pradesh Govt. Secretariat and the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. It has seen the grandeur of the Viceroys and the dignity, grace and glory of Vithalbhai Patel, the first elected President (or Speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly. In fact the first historic event that took place in the Council Chamber was his election to the Chair as first non-official candidate, in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament on the Govt. of India Act, 1919. Sh. Vithalbhai Patel held office from 1925 to 1930. He is known to have been truely assertive and for laying down the foundation for an independent/impartial Chair. It was he who declared in this Chamber that the person who occupies this Chair in the Assembly should be above all suspicions or being even unconsciously biased in favour of any Party or Govt. It was, therefore, here in this Chamber that he emphasized need for a non-party President/Speaker and on his 1st election to the Chair he observed; "FROM THIS MOMENT, I CEASE TO BE A PARTY MAN. I BELONG TO NO PARTY. I BELONG TO ALL PARTIES...".With a view to strengthen the independence of the office of President/Speaker he declined to accept a ticket from any party for his re-election to the Central Legislative Assembly. Instead, he fought and won as an Independent Member and was soon re-elected unanimously to the Chair. Unfortunately this healthy convention of a non-party Speaker was neither followed by his successors nor encouraged by the leadership of ruling parties in this country. It was also in this Chamber that President Patel got a resolution passed by the Central Legislature for creation of a separate Legislative Assembly Department under the President himself. He said: - "I AM RESPONSIBLE TO THE ASSEMBLY AND TO NO OTHER AUTHORITY “It is hence because of his Endeavour that today each Legislature is having a separate and more or less independent Secretariat. Provisions to this regard was also made later in the Constitution itself under Article 98 (1) and Article 187 (1). This Chamber has also been witness to various important Resolutions being passed by the Central Legislature. By one of these resolutions, Pt. Motilal Nehru reminded the British Government that ultimate goal of the Indians was Independence. The contents of the resolution asunder: - “INDIA IS DETERMINED TO WIN FREEDOM. THE MANNER AND MEASURE AND THE TIME EITHER YOU DETERMINE IN A REASONABLE SPIRIT OR ELSE SHE WILL DETERMINE FOR HERSELF".

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Heart is a Beautiful Garden......

Once a Junior School teacher asked her students to bring some potatoes in a plastic bag to school. Each potato will be given a name of the person whom that child hates. Like this, the number of potatoes will be equal to the number of persons they hate. On a decided day the children brought their potatoes well addressed. Some had two, some had three and some had even five potatoes.                    The teacher said they have to carry these potatoes with them everywhere they go for a week. As the days passed the children started to complain about the spoiled smell that started coming from these potatoes. Also some students who had many potatoes complained that it was very heavy to carry them all around. The children got rid of this assignment after a week, when it got over.                                   The teacher asked, "How did you feel in this one week?" The children discussed their problems about the smell and weight. Then the teacher said, "This situation is very similar to what you carry in your heart when you don't like some people. This hatred makes your heart unhealthy and you carry that hatred in your heart everywhere you go. If you can’t bear the smell of spoiled potatoes for a week, imagine the impact of this hatred that you carry throughout your life, on your heart?" MORALE:_ *Our heart is a beautiful garden that needs a regular cleaning of unwanted weeds.

   *Forgive those who have not behaved with you as expected and forget the bad things. this also makes room available for storing good things.

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Attitude..............

A little boy went into a drug store, reached for a soda carton and ask him for a Phone Call.

Shop-owner replied Sweety this is no a STD, but you can do one call.

The store-owner observed and listened to the conversation:

The boy asked, "Lady, Can you give me the job of cutting your lawn?

The woman replied, "I already have someone to cut my lawn."

"Lady, I will cut your lawn for half the price of the person who cuts your lawn now." replied boy.

The woman responded that she was very satisfied with the person who was presently cutting her lawn.

The little boy found more perseverance and offered, "Lady, I'll even sweep your curb and your sidewalk, so on Sunday you will have the prettiest lawn in all of North-Palm beach, Florida."

Again the woman answered in the negative.

With a smile on his face, the little boy replaced the receiver.

The store-owner, who was listening to all this, walked over to the boy and said," Son... I like your attitude; I like that positive spirit and would like to offer you a job."

The little boy replied, "No thanks, I was just checking my performance with the job I already have. I am the one who is working for that lady, I was talking to!"

```R.P.Bismil's Patriotic Poem....

```Why a folder cannot be named as "CON"

Whenever you create a new folder then you cannot rename it as "CON". every wondered Why?

well the simple reason behind it is that, Windows have reserved some names that cannot be used to name the folders. these names are used only by windows only.

not only these u can try some more words given below.

The following reserved device names cannot be used as the name of a file or folder:

CON, PRN, AUX, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8,
COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, and LPT9.

Those names are reserved cause they are 'DOS' device names.
DOS device names are reserved words, and cannot be used as folder or file names.

facebook.com/kimongshaw

*ks*

Interesting Facts about INDIA.....

Interesting Facts about India


India never invaded any country in her last 100000 years of history.

When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley (Indus Valley Civilization)

The name ‘India’ is derived from the River Indus, the valleys around which were the home of the early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to the river Indus as the Sindhu.

The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu. The name ‘Hindustan’ combines Sindhu and Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.

Chess was invented in India.

Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies, which originated in India.

The ‘Place Value System’ and the ‘Decimal System’ were developed in India in 100 B.C.

The World’s First Granite Temple is the Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu. The shikhara of the temple is made from a single 80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent temple was built in just five years, (between 1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.

India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.

The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was originally called ‘Mokshapat’. The ladders in the game represented virtues and the snakes indicated vices. The game was played with cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-births.

The world’s highest cricket ground is in Chail, Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above sea level.

India has the largest number of Post Offices in the world.

The largest employer in India is the Indian Railways, employing over a million people.

The world’s first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to mankind. The Father of Medicine, Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago.

India was one of the richest countries till the time of British rule in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus, attracted by India’s wealth, had come looking for a sea route to India when he discovered America by mistake.

The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘NAVGATIH’. The word navy is also derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Nou’.

Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. According to his calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit the Sun was 365.258756484 days.

The value of “pi” was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, long before the European mathematicians.

Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also originated in India.Quadratic Equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the Vedic period.Even today, the largest used number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).

Until 1896, India was the only source of diamonds in the world

(Source: Gemological Institute of America).

The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in August 1982.

Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery. Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team conducted complicated surgeries like cataract, artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.

Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts.

India exports software to 90 countries.

The four religions born in India – Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by 25% of the world’s population.

Jainism and Buddhism were founded in India in 600 B.C. and 500 B.C. respectively.

Islam is India’s and the world’s second largest religion.

There are 300,000 active mosques in India, more than in any other country, including the Muslim world.

The oldest European church and synagogue in India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.

Jews and Christians have lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively

The largest religious building in the world is Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built at the end of the 11th century.

The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in the 10th century, is the world’s largest religious pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate $6 million (US) to the temple everyday.

Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple, the city was founded in 1577.

Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called “the Ancient City” when Lord Buddha visited it in 500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously inhabited city in the world today.

India provides safety for more than 300,000 refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to flee religious and political persecution.

His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his government in exile from Dharmashala in northern India.

Martial Arts were first created in India, and later spread to Asia by Buddhist missionaries.

Yoga has its origins in India and has existed for over 5,000 years.

Source: National Portal Content Management Team.

Indian Orbit of Freedom Struggle....

~~~SriKhand Mahadev Yatra~~~

श्रीखण्ड महादेव कैलाश यात्रा 15 जुलाई 2010 से

आप रामपुर बुशहर (शिमला से 130 किलोमीटर) से ३५ किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बागीपुल या अरसू सड़क मार्ग से पहुँच सकते हैं। बागीपुल से 7 किलोमीटर जाँव तक गाड़ी से पहुँचा जा सकता है। जाँव से आगे की यात्रा पैदल होती है। यात्रा के तीन पड़ाव सिंहगाड़ , थाचडू और भीम डवार है। जाँव से सिंहगाड़ तीन किलोमीटर, सिंहगाड़ से थाचडू आठ किलोमीटर की दूरी और थाचडू से भीम डवार नौ किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है। यात्रा के तीनों पड़ाव में श्रीखण्ड सेवादल की ओर से यात्रियों की सेवा में लंगर (निशुल्क भोजन व्यवस्था ) दिन रात चलाया जाता है। भीम डवार से श्रीखण्ड कैलाश दर्शन सात किलोमीटर की दूरी पर है तथा दर्शन उपरांत भीम डवार या थाचडू वापिस आना अनिवार्य होता है।
*ks*

Thomas Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy

First published Tue Feb 12, 2002; substantive revision Sat Aug 23, 2008


The 17th Century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes is now widely regarded as one of a handful of truly great political philosophers, whose masterwork Leviathan rivals in significance the political writings of Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, and Rawls. Hobbes is famous for his early and elaborate development of what has come to be known as “social contract theory”, the method of justifying political principles or arrangements by appeal to the agreement that would be made among suitably situated rational, free, and equal persons. He is infamous for having used the social contract method to arrive at the astonishing conclusion that we ought to submit to the authority of an absolute—undivided and unlimited—sovereign power. While his methodological innovation had a profound constructive impact on subsequent work in political philosophy, his substantive conclusions have served mostly as a foil for the development of more palatable philosophical positions. Hobbes's moral philosophy has been less influential than his political philosophy, in part because that theory is too ambiguous to have garnered any general consensus as to its content. Most scholars have taken Hobbes to have affirmed some sort of personal relativism or subjectivism; but views that Hobbes espoused divine command theory, virtue ethics, rule egoism, or a form of projectivism also find support in Hobbes's texts and among scholars. Because Hobbes held that “the true doctrine of the Lawes of Nature is the true Morall philosophie”, differences in interpretation of Hobbes's moral philosophy can be traced to differing understandings of the status and operation of Hobbes's “laws of nature”, which laws will be discussed below. The formerly dominant view that Hobbes espoused psychological egoism as the foundation of his moral theory is currently widely rejected, and there has been to date no fully systematic study of Hobbes's moral psychology.

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` NSS in Schools ` :~)ks(~:

~ National Service Scheme ~

In India, the idea of involving students in the task of national service dates back to the times of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation. The central theme which he tried to impress upon his student audience time and again, was that they should always keep before them, their social responsibility. The first duty of the students should be, not to treat their period of study as one of the opportunities for indulgence in intellectual luxury, but for preparing themselves for final dedication in the service of those who provided the sinews of the nation with the national goods & services so essential to society. Advising them to form a living contact with the community in whose midst their institution is located, he suggested that instead of undertaking academic research about economic and social disability, the students should do "something positive so that the life of the villagers might be raised to a higher material and moral level".

2.      The post-independence era was marked by an urge for introducing social service for students, both as a measure of educational reform and as a means to improve the quality of educated manpower. The University Grants Commission headed by Dr. Radhakrishnan recommended introduction of national service in the academic institutions on a voluntary basis with a view to developing healthy contacts between the students and teachers on the one hand and establishing a constructive linkage between the campus and the community on the other hand.

3.      The idea was again considered by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) at its meeting held in January, 1950. After examining the various aspects of the matter and in the light of experience of other countries in this field, the Board recommended that students should devote some time to manual work on a voluntary basis and that the teachers should also associate with them in such work. In the draft First Five year Plan adopted by the Government of India in 1952, the need for social and labour service for students for one year was further stressed. Consequent upon this, labour and social service camps, campus work projects, village apprenticeship scheme etc. were put into operation by various educational institutions, In 1958, the then Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in his letter to the Chief-Ministers, mooted the idea of having social service as a prerequisite for graduation. He further directed the Ministry of Education to formulate a suitable scheme for introduction of national service into the academic institutions.

4.      In 1959, a draft outline of the scheme was placed before the Education Minister's Conference. The Conference was unanimous about the urgent need for trying out a workable scheme for national service. In view of the fact that education as it was imparted in schools and colleges, left something to be desired and it was necessary to supplement it with programmes which would arouse interest the social and economic reconstruction of the country. It was viewed that if the objectives of the scheme were to be realized, it was essential to integrate social service with the educational process as early as possible. The Conference suggested the appointment of a committee to work out details of the proposed pilot project. In pursuance of these recommendations, a National Service Committee was appointed under the Chairmanship of Dr. C.D. Deshmukh on August 28, 1959 to make concrete suggestions in this direction. The committee recommended that national service for a period of nine months to a year Deshmukh on August 28, 1959 to make concrete suggestions in this direction. The committee recommended that national service for a period of nine months to a year may be made compulsory for all students completing high school education and intending to enroll themselves in a college or a university. The scheme was to include some military training, social service, manual labour and general education. The recommendations of the Committee could not be accepted because of its financial implications and difficulties in implementation.

5.      In 1960, at the instance of the Government of India, Prof. K.G. Saiyidain studied national service by students implemented in several countries of the world and submitted his report under the title "National Service for the Youth" to the Government with a number of recommendations as to what could be done in India to develop a feasible scheme of social service by students. It was also recommended that social service camps should be open to students as well as non-students within the prescribed age group for better inter-relationship.

6.      The Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari (1964-66) recommended that students at all' stages of education should be associated with some form of social service. This was taken into account by the State Education Minister during their conference in April 1967 and they recommended that at the university stage, students could be permitted to join the National Cadet Corps (NCC) which was already in existence on a voluntary basis and an alternative to this could be offered to them in the form of a new programme called the National Service Scheme (NSS). Promising sportsmen, however, should be exempted from both and allowed to join another scheme calle4d the National Sports Organisation (NSO), in view of the need to give priority to the development of sports and athletics.

7.      The Vice Chancellors' Conference in September, 1969 welcomed this recommendation and suggested that a special committee of Vice Chancellors could be set up to examine this question in detail. In the statement of national policy on education of the Government of India, it was laid down that work experience and national service should be an integral part of education. In May, 1969, a conference of the students' representatives of the universities and institutions of higher learning convened by the Ministry of Education and the University Grants Commission also unanimously declared 'that national service could be a powerful instrument for national integration. It could be used to introduce urban students to rural life. Projects of permanent value could also be undertaken as a symbol of the contribution of the student community to the progress and upliftment of the nation.

8.      The details were soon worked out and the Planning Commission sanctioned an outlay of Rs. 5 crores for National Service Scheme (NSS) during the. Fourth Five Year Plan. It was stipulated that the NSS programme should be started as a pilot project in select institutions and universities.

9.      On September 24, 1969, the then Union Education Minister Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, launched the NSS programme in 37 universities covering all States and simultaneously requested the Chief Ministers of States for their cooperation and help. It was appropriate that the programme was started during the Gandhi Centenary Year as it was Gandhi ji who inspired the Indian youth to participate in the movement for Indian independence and the social uplift of the downtrodden masses of our nation.

10.  The cardinal principle of the programme is that it is organised by the students themselves and both students and teachers through their combined participation in social service, get a sense of involvement in the tasks of national development. Besides, the students, particularly, obtain work experience which might help them to find avenues of self-employment or employment in any organisation at the end of their university career. The initial financial arrangements provided for an expenditure of Rs. 120/- per NSS student per annum to be shared by the Central and the State Governments in the ratio of 7:5 i.e. the Central Government spending Rs. 70/- and State Governments Rs. 50/- respectively per NSS student per year. An amount of Rs. 120/- per NSS student per annum on programmes to be shared by the Central and State Governments in the ration of 7:5 (i.e. Rs. 70/- per student by the central government and Rs. 50/- per student by the State Governments). Keeping the inflation in view, it is now under consideration to revise the amount for Special Camping and Regular Activities.

11.  The scheme now extends to all the states ad universities in the country and covers +2 level also in many states. Students, teachers, guardians, persons in authority in government, universities and colleges/schools and the people in general now realize the need and significance of NSS. It has aroused among the student youth an awareness of the realities of life, a better understanding and appreciation of the problems of the people. NSS is, thus, a concrete attempt in making campus relevant to the needs of the community. There are several instances of excellent work and exemplary conduct of NSS units which have earned them respect and confidence of the people. The special camping programmes organised under the themes of 'Youth Against Famine (1973)', 'Youth Against Dirt & Disease (1974-75)', 'Youth for Eco-Development' and "Youth for Rural Reconstruction' 'Youth for National Development and Youth for Literacy (1985-93)' 'Youth for National Integration and Communal Harmony (1993-95)' have resulted in gains both to the community as well as to the students. The theme for the year 1995-96 onwards for Special Camping is Youth for Sustainable Development with focus on Watershed Management and Water land Development'. Themes have been selected in accordance with national priorities. Also, from 1991-92 onwards NSS has launched a nationwide campaign on AIDS Awareness called "Universities Talk AIDS" (UTA) which has earned international attention and appreciation.

12.  Community service rendered by university and +2 level students has covered several aspects like adoption of villages for intensive development work, carrying out the medico-social surveys, setting up of medical centres, programmes of mass immunization, sanitation drives, adult education programmes for the weaker sections of the community, blood donation, helping patients in hospitals, helping inmates of orphanages and the physically handicapped etc. NSS volunteers did commendable relief work during natural calamities/emergencies such as cyclones, floods, famine, earthquake, et. From time to time all over the country. The NSS students have also done useful work in organising campaigns for eradication of social evils, and popularization of the nationally accepted objectives like nationalism, democracy, secularism, social harmony and development of scientific temper.

Objectives:-

The main objectives of National Service Scheme (NSS) are :

I.                understand the community in which they work

ii.              understand themselves in relation to their community

iii.             identify the needs and problems of the community and involve them in problem-solving

iv.            develop among themselves a sense of social and civic responsibility

v.             utilise their knowledge in finding practical solutions to individual and community problems

vi.            develop competence required for group-living and sharing of responsibilities

vii.          gain skills in mobilising community participation

viii.         acquire leadership qualities and democratic attitudes

ix.            develop capacity to meet emergencies and natural disasters and

x.              practise national integration and social harmony

Coverage:

Started initially in 37 universities involving 40,000 volunteers, the scheme has grown over the years and it is implemented today with an involvement of more than 2.6 million volunteers spread over in 200 Universities, Polytechnics and +2 Systems. The efforts of NSS volunteers have been widely acclaimed by the community, universities, colleges and general public as the NSS volunteers have been rendering selfless service to the community.

Motto:

The Motto of NSS "Not Me But You", reflects the essence of democratic living and upholds the need for self-less service. NSS helps the students develop appreciation to other person's point of view and also show consideration to '/other living beings. The philosophy of the NSS is well doctrined in this motto, which underlines/on the belief that the welfare .of an individual is ultimately dependent on the welfare of the society on the whole and therefore, the NSS volunteers shall strive for the well-being of the society.

Symbol:

The symbol for the NSS has been based on the giant Rath Wheel of the world famous Konark Sun Temple (The Black Pagoda) situated in Orissa, India. The wheel portrays the cycle of creation, preservation and release and signifies the movement in life across time and space, The symbol thus stands for continuity as well as change and implies the continuous striving of NSS for social change.

Badge

The NSS Symbol is embossed on the badge. The eight bars in the wheel represent the 24 hours of a day. The red colour indicates that the volunteer is full of young blood that is lively, active, energetic and full of high spirit. The navy blue colour indicates the cosmos of which the NSS is tiny part, ready to contribute its share for the welfare of the mankind.

Financial Arrangements:

The scheme is funded by both Central and State Governments in the ratio of 7:5 to organise Regular Activities (RA) and special Camping Programmes (SCP). An amount of Rs.160/-per volunteer per annum is released towards Regular Activities (RA) and Rs.300/- per volunteer per Special Camping Programme (SCP) which is of 10-days duration to be organised in the adopted villages/communities. In addition, the Government of India provides 100% financial assistance to run NSS Regional Centres, State Liaison Cells and TOCs/TORCs, The Central Government also provides -100% financial assistance for implementation of NSS Programmes in Jammu & Kashmir and Union Territories without Legislatures.

-Kimong Shaw

```Shaheed & Shaheed's Family Photographs....

~~~At The Age of 11~~~

~~~At the Age of 17~~~

~~~At the Age of 20, First Police Arrest~~~

~~~At the Age of 22~~~

~~~S.Ajeet Singh- Uncle~~~

~~~S.Aarjan Singh-Grand father~~~

~~~S.Kishan SIngh- Father~~~

~~~S.Swarna Singh-Uncle~~~

``````````````````````Raaju```````````````````````

Find More..!

```Four Most Famous Images of the Photography History.....

1.General Nguyen Ngoc Loan

The photo above was taken in 1968 and is one of the most famous images of the 20th century. The picture was taken by photographer Eddie Adams and won the Pulitzer Prize. It is also included in the 15 Incredible Historical Photographs list. Many have seen this photograph but most are not aware of the full story behind it. The man on the left shown executing a prisoner is South Vietnamese national police commander, General Lone. Before the execution it was reported that the prisoner had been the captain of a terrorist squad that killed the family of one of his deputy commanders. After shooting the prisoner, the general walked over to a reporter and said, “These guys kill a lot of our people, and I think Buddha will forgive me.” When the photo was shown on television and appeared on the front pages of newspapers around the world, it was seen as an act of savagery and symbolized an unjustified war. Three months after the photo was taken, General Loan was severely wounded and taken to Australia for treatment. There was such an outcry against him that he was moved to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington DC. During the fall of Saigon in 1975 he asked for American help in fleeing with his family but was ignored and had to escape with his family in a South Vietnamese plane. Gen. Loan, whose right leg had been amputated, settled in northern Virginia, where he eventually opened a pizzeria restaurant. Loan was then forced into retirement when his identity was publicly disclosed. Eddie Adams (the photographer) stayed in touch and recalled that on his last visit to the pizza shop, he had seen written on a restroom wall “We know who you are, fucker.”

Interesting Fact: Eddie Adams said this in a Time magazine interview: “The general killed the Viet Cong; I killed the general with my camera. Still photographs are the most powerful weapon in the world. People believe them, but photographs do lie, even without manipulation. They are only half-truths. What the photograph didn’t say was, ‘What would you do if you were the general at that time and place on that hot day, and you caught the so-called bad guy after he blew away one, two or three American soldiers?’” When General Loan died of cancer in 1998, Adams praised him and sent flowers with a card that read, “I’m sorry. There are tears in my eyes.”

2. Kevin Carter took this photograph in southern Sudan. The picture would later bring him the Pulitzer prize, but also death. The image shows a vulture waiting for a child to starve to death. This horrific sight affected the photographer so deeply that he committed suicide after winning the Pulitzer Prize.

3. American photograph Richard Drew captured this image during the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre. He managed to photograph a man who, in panic, jumped from the upper floors of the building.

4. Steve McCurry took this photograph of a young refugee girl from war-torn Afghanistan. It first appeared in National Geographic Magazine in 1985 but was taken in 1983. The girl’s name is unknown.

````~~~RAaJU~~~````

```Know Your Bank Note....

~~~~Love You Allllll~~~~

*RAaJU*

```If u Loose Your Mobile In INDIA.....

If u loses your mobile in India, you can get it back.


Got an interesting fact to share.. Nowadays each one of us carries Hi-Fi Mobile devices and always fears that it may be stolen.


Each mobile carries a unique IMEI i.e. International Mobile Identity No which can be used to track your mobile anywhere in the world.


This is how it works!!!!!!


1. Dial *#06# from your mobile.
2. Your mobile shows a unique 15 digit.
3. Note down this no anywhere but except in your mobile as this is the No., which will help trace your mobile in case of a theft.
4. Once stolen you just have to mail this 15 digit IMEI No. to cop@vsnl.net
5. No need to go to police.
6. Your Mobile will be traced within next 24 hrs via a complex system of GPRS and internet.
7. You will find where your hand set is being operated even in case your No. is being changed.


PASS ON THIS VERY IMP MESSAGE TO ALL YOUR FRIENDS AND RELATIVES.


If u lose your mobile, send an e-mail to cop@vsnl.netwith the following Info:


Your name:
Address:
Phone model:
Make:
Last used No.:
E-mail for communication:
Missed date:
IMEI No :

----````~~kimongshaw~~````----

Diwali Mythology Questions_GK

Diwali Mythology Question/Answer

1. In which Hindu month does Diwali fall?

Ashwin.



2. With which puja is Diwali associated?

Laxmi puja



3. Diwali commemorates the killing of which demon by Lord Krishna?

Narakasura



4. What event from Ramayana does Diwali symbolise?

The return of Rama and Sita to Ayodhya after 14 years



5. Which other religion also celebrates Diwali?

Jains(Mahavir attained Nirvana)



6. In what way do people celebrate Diwali?

By lighting fireworks



7. Unlike the rest of India, Tamilians do not burst crackers in the evening. When do they do it?

Morning



8. Diwali is shortened version of Deepavali. What is the literal meaning of the term?

Row of lights.



*~KimongShaw~*

````Globel Warming----Wallpaper

*kimongshaw*

*ks*

```Shiva TEMPLE Baijnath

~~~~Beliefs About The Temple~~~~

~~~~~ The Shiva Temple of Baijnath~~~~~

According to the legend, it is believed that during the Treta Yug, Ravana in order to have invincible powers worshiped Lord Shiva in the Kailash. In the same process, to please the almighty he offered his ten heads in the havan kund. Influenced by this extra ordinary deed of the Ravana, the Lord Shiva not only restored his heads but also bestowed him with powers of invincibility and immortality.
On attaining this incomparable boon, Ravana also requested the Lord Shiva to accompany him to Lanka. Shiva consented to the request of Ravana and converted himself into ling. The Lord Shiva asked him to carry the ling and told him that he should not place the ling down on the ground on his way. Ravana stared moving in south direction and reached Baijnath where he felt the need to answer the nature’s call. On seeing a shepherd, Ravana handed over the ling to him and went away to get himself relieved. On finding the ling very heavy, shepherd kept the ling on the ground and the ling got established there and the same is in the form of ardhnarishwar.
                  In the town of Baijnath, Dussehra Festival in which traditionally the effigy of the Ravana is consigned to flame is not celebrated as a mark of respect to the devotion of Ravana towards Lord Shiva. Another interesting fact about the town of Baijnath is that there is no shop of Goldsmiths.

-KimongShaw

*ks*

```Historical Background HP Lagislative Assembly

"The Himachal Pardesh Vidhan Sabha, Shimla"

The Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly has no pre-constitution history-the State itself is a post-Independence creation. It first came into being as a centrally administered territory on April 15, 1948 by the integration of 30 erstwhile princely States. It was administered by a Chief Commissioner, aided and advised in the discharge of his functions by an Advisory Council Consisting of Nine members, three of whom represented the erstwhile princely States and Six being public representatives. In 1951, it became a part 'C' State. Vide Section 3 of Part 'C' State's Act, 1951 Himachal Pradesh was brought under a Lt.Governor with 36 members Legislative Assembly. First election to the Assembly were held in 1952. In 1954 Bilaspur, another part-C State, was merged with Himachal Pradesh and the strength of its Assembly was raised to 41. In 1956, despite majority recommendation of the States Reorganization Commission for its merger with Punjab, Himachal Pradesh retained its separate identity, thanks to the famous dissenting note of the Chairman of the Commission, Justice Sh. Fazal Ali which found favour with the Centre. But a great price had to be paid as Himachal was made a Union Territory sans Legislative Assembly and was placed under an Administrator designated as Lt. Governor. Instead of a Legislative Assembly it was provided with a Territorial Council with limited powers. Thereafter, the people and the political leadership of the State had to literally move heaven and earth for the restoration of democratic edifice. Their efforts finally bore fruit in 1963, when a bill was passed by the Union Parliament for providing Legislative Assemblies and Council of Ministers to certain Union Territories including H.P. It was enforced in the case of Himachal Pradesh from Ist July, 1963 after receiving President's assent. The Territorial Council which was a replica of a dyarchical form of government was converted into a Legislative Assembly of the Union Territory. The strength of the Assembly was fixed at 43 including 2 nominated members. The Assembly held its first sitting from Ist of October 1963. Continuity of the Assembly is considered from this date hence its silver jubilee was celebrated in the year 1988. With the merger of new areas into Himachal Pradesh in 1966, the number of Members in the House rose to 56 including 2 nominated. The strength of the House was further raised to 63 (60 elected and 3 nominated) after section 24 (3) of Punjab Reorganization Act, 1966 (Act No. 31 of 1966) came into force in 1967. Finally it was on January 25, 1971 that a big leap forward was taken and the abode of gods ('Devbhumi' as Himachal is called) made its debut as the 18th State of the Union of India. The declaration of a fully fledged State came from none other then the Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi from the historic Ridge Maidan. After delimitation of Assembly seats in the year 1971-72, the number of Members in the Assembly now stands at 68.

THE COUNCIL CHAMBER:-

The Council Chamber, the building which houses the Legislative Assembly has a past as well as a present to be proud of. The edifice was completed and was inaugurated by Lord Reading, the then Viceroy of India, on August 27, 1925. The need of this building arose for the simple reason the British chose SHIMLA as the Summer Capital of the Imperial Govt. to save themselves from the blistering summer of Delhi. The Central Assembly had, therefore, to be provided an appropriate accommodation. The construction of the building was started in 1920 near the 'Kennedy House' which was built by the founder of Shimla, Major Kennedy on this new found hill resort.' The Council Chamber was incidentally one of the last important buildings to be built by the British and it was completed at the cost of approx Rs. 10 lacs. The main Hall at that time provided seats for 145 Central Assembly Members (104 elected and 41 nominated) with the President's (the Speaker was then called as President) dias flanked by Viceroy's box (now called the Governor's box) in the left and box for the officers on the right. The Chair for the President is said to have been gifted by the Government of Burma. It is a throne like chair with a high back and with two columns at the sides and flower like decorations at the top. It is made of the renowned Burma teak wood and is still in use in the H.P. Legislative Assembly. However, the Crown that topped the Canopy being symbol of the Imperial Empire was replaced by 'Ashok Chakra' after Independence. The Council Chamber as the building has come to be known changed many a hands after Independence. At the time of Partition, the Punjab Govt. was shifted to Shimla & its Assembly held its meetings in this building. When the Punjab Assembly was shifted to Chandigarh, the Assembly of Part 'C' State of H.P. got the pride of having its sittings in this Chamber. Before that it used to hold its meetings in Vice-Regal Lodge (later named 'Rashtrapati Niwas'). Sh. Jaiwant Ram was the first Speaker of the Pradesh Assembly to occupy the Chair. On October, 31, 1956 when H.P. Assembly was dissolved following the Report of the State's Reorganization Commission, the Govt. Secretariat was shifted in this building when 'Himachal Dham' (the building in which Secretariat was housed) was gutted in fire in mid 1957. During this period the main Chamber was converted into temporary Cabin like structures. For few years, "All India Radio" was also housed in the lower part of the building. The premises were at last restored to the original position on July 1, 1963 when Legislature was revived. First Session of the Assembly after its restoration was held in the Council Chamber from Oct.1, 1963.It need to be mentioned here that the Council Chamber was first renovated in 1963. In 1988 the complete furniture of the Chamber was replaced, when Silver Jubilee of the State Legislative Assembly was celebrated. Besides adding new furniture, the shape of the Hall has been changed from rectangular to U shape with the sitting capacity for 72 Members keeping in view the future requirements. While speaking of this historic Chamber, mention must be made of the fact that it has seen many vicissitudes of fortunes and has been an eye-witness to many an epoch-making event. As aforesaid, in successive years, it has housed the Central Legislative Assembly, the Punjab Legislative Assembly, the Himachal Pradesh Govt. Secretariat and the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. It has seen the grandeur of the Viceroys and the dignity, grace and glory of Vithalbhai Patel, the first elected President (or Speaker) of the Central Legislative Assembly. In fact the first historic event that took place in the Council Chamber was his election to the Chair as first non-official candidate, in accordance with the recommendations of the Joint Select Committee of the British Parliament on the Govt. of India Act, 1919. Sh. Vithalbhai Patel held office from 1925 to 1930. He is known to have been truely assertive and for laying down the foundation for an independent/impartial Chair. It was he who declared in this Chamber that the person who occupies this Chair in the Assembly should be above all suspicions or being even unconsciously biased in favour of any Party or Govt. It was, therefore, here in this Chamber that he emphasized need for a non-party President/Speaker and on his 1st election to the Chair he observed; "FROM THIS MOMENT, I CEASE TO BE A PARTY MAN. I BELONG TO NO PARTY. I BELONG TO ALL PARTIES...".With a view to strengthen the independence of the office of President/Speaker he declined to accept a ticket from any party for his re-election to the Central Legislative Assembly. Instead, he fought and won as an Independent Member and was soon re-elected unanimously to the Chair. Unfortunately this healthy convention of a non-party Speaker was neither followed by his successors nor encouraged by the leadership of ruling parties in this country. It was also in this Chamber that President Patel got a resolution passed by the Central Legislature for creation of a separate Legislative Assembly Department under the President himself. He said: - "I AM RESPONSIBLE TO THE ASSEMBLY AND TO NO OTHER AUTHORITY “It is hence because of his Endeavour that today each Legislature is having a separate and more or less independent Secretariat. Provisions to this regard was also made later in the Constitution itself under Article 98 (1) and Article 187 (1). This Chamber has also been witness to various important Resolutions being passed by the Central Legislature. By one of these resolutions, Pt. Motilal Nehru reminded the British Government that ultimate goal of the Indians was Independence. The contents of the resolution asunder: - “INDIA IS DETERMINED TO WIN FREEDOM. THE MANNER AND MEASURE AND THE TIME EITHER YOU DETERMINE IN A REASONABLE SPIRIT OR ELSE SHE WILL DETERMINE FOR HERSELF".

Data Source & Compile from:- http://www.hpvidhansabha.nic.in/

*ks*

```Some Prominent Men

1. Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the World Wide Web
Briton Tim Berners-Lee did not invent the Internet itself. When he offered his innovations, the network already existed for several decades. But Tim gave her the kind to which we are so accustomed to. He invented the URI, URL, HTTP, HTML. In fact, Internet-based hyperlinks to documents and links between sites - it's all the handiwork of Berners-Lee. Its first operating time, Tim introduced in 1989, when he worked for a Swiss company CERN. And from 1991 to 1993 they were released the first specification URI, HTTP and HTML.
This extraordinary genius today is the author of the concept of the semantic web. In Britain, it was granted the title of knight. Berners-Lee cannot be called an entrepreneur (although he was not poor people), but its discovery was so important for society that we simply could not include the creator of the World Wide Web in the list.

2. Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, the inventors of computer chip
lby and Noyce are the creators of computer chip. For his invention, made by Jack Kilby in 1958 (then he worked for the company Texas Instruments) engineer won the Nobel Prize in 2000. The fate of Robert Noyce interesting, because he eventually founded two prominent companies - Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel. In essence, the creation of these two men changed our world, giving humanity an era of personal computers. Without their invention about any universal computerization and speech could not be.

3. Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin, inventor of spreadsheets
Graduates of MIT Bob Frankston and Dan Bricklin are the creators of the once well-known program VisiCalc, in fact, is the first application for working with spreadsheets. Yes, the brainchild of Frankston can not compete with such giants as Microsoft. But, first, their program for some time been the standard in the industry, and brought a lot of money to the creators. And secondly, it marked the beginning of a whole class of programs that we know today as spreadsheets.

*ks*

~~Funny ABCD

Do you know....?

This is awesome - I bet you didn't know this...
~~A~~B~~C~~D~~
Letters 'a', 'b', 'c' & 'd' do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 99

~~D~~
(Letter 'd' comes for the first time in Hundred)

~~A~~B~~C~~
Letters 'a', 'b' & 'c' do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 999

~~A~~
(Letter 'a' comes for the first time in Thousand)

~~B~~C~~
Letters 'b' & 'c' do not appear anywhere in the spellings of 1 to 999,999,999

~~B~~

(Letter 'b' comes for the first time in Billion)
.
And
.
Letter ~~C~~ does not appear anywhere in in the spellings of entire English Counting.

*ks*